Geographic Thought – Cover

It is always a nice moment when cover art turns up for a book. I makes it seem as though it may actually exist some time. I am really happy with this one. It features an image of an art project by my friend and artist, Tintin Wulia. The project is from 20o9 and is called ”Nous ne notons pas les fleurs, Patna” an interactive performance, installation and video triptych. A map of the world was made with flowers on a gridded background (the floor) and then progressively dishevelled.

Cresswell_6

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Another Book – All Possible Worlds – A Children’s Novel

Over an even longer period I have been having a go at writing a novel for children. This started on a holiday with the kids when we finally reached the end of the Harry Potter series which I had read aloud form beginning to end to my oldest son over many years. He is now at Sheffield studying Politics. Anyway – with nothing else to read I started writing 1000 words a day which I have continued to do on holidays ever since. My boys politely tell me they are fans but are slightly impatient with the progress. The title is taken from an old Geography text book and the book’s heart is all the magic of cartography. So – just to test the waters (and a lot more nervously than the previous entry) here is some of it….

Chapter 1

Max looked forward to the weekends. It’s not that he didn’t like school, it’s just that Saturday meant the freedom to explore. Many of his friends were not allowed this privilege. Their parents didn’t like them traveling too far and organized their Saturdays and Sundays for them – one activity after another – an endless stream of music lessons, church, sports events, visits to relatives and extra homework. Not so for Max – he was allowed to roam London promising only to be back by dinner time. Six o’clock sharp was the only fixed point in his timetable. Max always had dinner with his family. His dad, Simon, was a professor of philosophy at the University of London. His mother, Annabelle was a novelist who wrote long novels he was forbidden to read. He once read a review in a Sunday paper that called one of her books a “post-modern allegory for the collapse of civilization.” That seemed rather grand but he had no idea what it meant. And then there was his little sister Rosemary – a wild child, six years younger than him, who roamed their rambling house in Ealing, imagining herself in lands of dragons and princesses until six o’clock – and that, of course, was dinner time.

Max didn’t know anybody who always had dinner with their family. His school friends would sometimes eat dinner while watching TV. Others would have dinner before their parents. But Max, Rose, Simon and Annabelle always sat down at six and told their stories of the day.

And now it was already three. He had to leave an hour for the tube ride home – no time for the bus today – and today he was in his favourite London haunt. Saturday morning, for Max, was decision time. London lay before him. Miles upon miles of new worlds to explore. A lifetime of square and alleyways, tree-lined avenues and rambling parks. You could spend a whole lifetime exploring and never leave London. So where to go? Sometimes he would consult one of the guides that lined the living room wall mixed randomly with accounts of travels in Thailand or Tibet, books of medieval recipes, complicated novels written by people with foreign sounding names and occasional, small, cardboard children’s books with bright pictures of talking animals. More often he would simply pick a station on the map of London transport he had on his bedroom wall. He loved this map  -the way it connected places in ways that made little sense on London’s surface. It was elegant and full of opportunities for surprises – a secret key that unlocked London.

His aim was to visit every station on the map. He was only quarter of the way into his quest. The red and silver trains had taken him to Richmond with its huge slice of Royal countryside, deer and the best Italian ice-cream; he had passed through endless lines of suburban streets with black and white mock-tudor houses; he had enjoyed the sights, sounds and smells of Brick Lane in the east end with its calls to prayer from the mosque nestled up against small shops selling chopped liver bagels. He had walked down the Regent’s canal to Camden where he had watched the Goths and the emos with their black make up and silver studded belts.

But today was not one for new discoveries – today was a return to an old favourite – the elegant regular houses, neat green squares and grand learned buildings of Bloomsbury and, more importantly, the bookshops by the British Museum and down the Charing Cross Road.

This is where his dad spent days in the tall white, tombstone-like building of Senate House – the University of London library. This is where one of his mum’s favourite writers – Virginia Wolff – had lived, fermenting new stories with her friends. It seemed like every other house had a blue plaque announcing the former residence of noted scientists, engineers and artists. In its centre was the British Museum, thronged with tourists – seemingly from every corner of the globe. When it rained he would sit in the central atrium admiring the huge glass roof and enjoying a lemonade or hot chocolate.

Today, however, was a day for bookshops. There seemed to be hundreds of bookshops around the British Museum and down the Charing Cross Road. Most famous was Foyles, a huge rambling one-of-a-kind store with seemingly never ending floors of every conceivable kind of book and secret little café hidden away among jazz CDs. This is where Annabelle  would meet her writer friends for dark, strong coffee and the swapping of ideas. Then there was the chain stores with their 3 for 2 offers and coffee-table books of glossy pictures. Annabelle and Simon moaned about these stores over dinner. They never seemed to stock either Annabelle’s post-modern allegories or Simon’s even more complicated accounts of the philosophy of beauty. “Philistines” they would grumble. But what enchanted Max most were the array of little bookshops specializing in art, or the movies, or science fiction or old first editions. He loved the black signs above the windows with gold or silver lettering. He delighted in the smell of the second hand books and today he was looking forward to flipping through the £1 bargain boxes outside the stores. He had £3 to spend and burning a hole in his pocket.

Max made his way from Russell Square station (one of his favourites due to the long spiraling staircase that led from the platform to the surface of the deepest station in London. He had climbed them twice) across the square, past the fountain and towards the Museum. It was an unusually sunny day for April and the cafes were spilling over on to the pavements. Students from the nearby University were sprawled across the neat lawns and two young children were running in and out of the fountain as their mothers sat on a nearby shaded bench. Max loved days like this.

When he reached the Museum the adventure really began. A line of second-hand bookstores lined the street across from the museum entrance, interspersed with souvenir shops which sold anything you could put a Union Jack on. The first shop he entered had an array of faded comic books in the window. He liked cartoons and comics. Somewhere on the bookshelves that lined almost every wall of his house were volumes of Tintin and Asterix the Gaul as well as weird cartoons from America like Krazy Kat and Love and Rockets. His mum insisted on calling them “graphic novels”. He hadn’t been in this shop before. It had the words “Komic Kapers” written in big bubbly letters across the window.

Behind the desk sat a large, sweating man with little round glasses too small for his face. He didn’t notice Max. Max had a procedure for dealing with new bookshops. He would start at the furthest back corner and look across the middle and bottom shelves. His dad once told him that you often found the best books on the bottom shelf because so few people would bother to stoop down and look. He spent a good twenty minutes flipping through vintage science fiction comics cartoons with supposedly futuristic space ships that now looked old fashioned. Funny how the future back then seemed older now, he thought. He had a quick look at the section of children’s picture books. As always, he found a copy of Where the Wild Things Are. He parents had told him he had been named after the little boy who found himself on an island of dancing beasts. It always made him happy to see it.

On exiting, he noticed the bookshelf outside with the sticker which read – “take your pick – 50p”. After a further five minutes he had bought two comics. One, for his sister Rose, was a simple colour comic book about a family of horses who befriended a lonely unicorn. The other, for him, was a dark, monochrome detective story from Chicago featuring a square-jawed private eye in a black hat and in need of a shave.

And so the afternoon unfolded. By half past four he had a pound left and reached Tottenham Court Road, He considered descending the stairs at the station and returning home on the Central Line  – the straight red line that ran through the city – east to west connecting the endless western suburbs with the mysterious land of the tightly packed East End. But that would waste a precious half hour of a precious Saturday. Instead he headed towards Leicester Square down Charing Cross Road. No time for Foyles today, he thought, and crossed the road as he spotted a promising line of bargain boxes outside a string of old looking shops – no 3 for 2 deals here.

After a quick ten minutes in a far-too-expensive shop of first editions and framed prints where he had been spied on incessantly by a thin balding man with a humourless, thin-lipped face, he made his way down a little side street and stopped outside a green storefront with the intriguing name, “All Possible Worlds”. This immediately made him think of his sister and her fantasy books with curious maps and tall bearded men in cloaks adorning their covers. He stepped inside. It was probably the smallest store he had ever been in. It was just wide enough for one grand old wooden bookshelf to run lengthwise down the centre of the room. Against the walls was what looked like a kitchen counter made of similarly aged, dark wood under which were hundreds of thin, long drawers, each with faded yellow card labels stuck inside a brass holder. No-one appeared to be in.

Max bent down to examine a label which read “Indonesia, 18th Century”. It was only then that he noticed that the walls above the counter were decorated with not posters but maps. All kinds of maps. Many were of London or parts of London. All were over a hundred years old. At the far end of the room he discovered a map of South Asia from the eighteenth century, Around the edges of the multi-coloured map were pictures of strange looking animals and noble looking people. Rose would like this one, he thought. He also noticed that the maps cost hundreds of pounds. No way to get rid of a pound coin here then.

As Max was about the leave he noticed a small box on the floor to the right of the door. £1 each was written in red felt-tip on the side. In the box were two sheets of paper, each in a protective clear plastic envelope. Idly he picked up the one closest to him. It seemed to be a slightly yellowing plain piece of paper. He turned it over and recognized it at once. It was a map of the London underground. Not the one everyone would recognize now but a more curvy version – an old one. A huge smile welled up from within. What better way to spend a pound!

Taking the remaining coin from his pocket he took the map to the desk and said as loudly as he dared – “hello – is there anyone here?” And then again – this time a proper shout – “Hello”. Still no-one emerged from the door at the back of the shop. But Max was determined to have this map with or without a shop assistant. He reached down inside his shoulder bag and pulled out a crumpled piece of paper and a pencil, On the paper he wrote “Here is £1 for the map from the box – I called but no-one came – Max Caxton”.

It was ten past five – he had to be quick to get home for six.

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New Book Coming Soon – Geographic Thought: A Critical Introduction

I have not written much on this blog for a while. I have been belatedly finishing a book on Geographic Thought I have been writing for about five years. It is delivered! It has been an irritant at times but mostly a labour of love. Just to wet your appetite I attach the first few pages of the final draft…

Introduction (extract), Geographic Thought: A Critical Introduction (Blackwell, 2013)

If the scientific investigation of any subject be the proper avocation of the philosopher, Geography, the science of which we propose to treat, is certainly entitled to a high place…

(Strabo 1912 [AD 7-18]: 1)

Geography is a profound discipline. To some this statement might seem oxymoronic. Profound geography seems as likely as ‘military intelligence’. Geography is often the butt of jokes in the United Kingdom. A school friend of mine who was about the start a degree in pure mathematics described my chosen degree as the ‘science of common-sense’. I once appeared on a public radio quiz show in the United States. When the host asked me what I did and I explained I was a geography student he asked what geographers had left to do – surely we know where Milwaukee is already? I mumbled an apologetic answer. Taxi drivers ask me to name the second highest mountain in the world trying to catch me out by avoiding the obvious first highest. My parents thought I was going to be a weather forecaster. So why is geography profound? Why indeed would the classical Greek/Roman scholar Strabo (more on him in chapter two) suggest that geography deserves a ‘high place’ and that it constitutes ‘philosophy’?

Strabo presented a number of answers ranging from the fact that many ‘philosophers’ and ‘poets’ of repute had taken geography as central to their endeavours to the fact that geography was indispensable to proper government and statecraft. But perhaps most profoundly:

In addition to its vast importance in regard to social life, and the art of government, Geography unfolds to us the celestial phenomena, acquaints us with the occupants of the land and ocean, and the vegetation, fruits, and peculiarities of the various quarters of the earth, a knowledge of which marks him who cultivates it as a man earnest in the great problem of life and happiness.

(Strabo 1912 [AD 7-18]: 1-2)

‘The great problem of life and happiness’. This was and is a central philosophical and theoretical problem. How do we lead a happy life? What constitutes a good life? How should people relate to the non-human world? How do we make our life meaningful? These are profound questions and they are also geographical questions.

In addition to being profound, geography is also everywhere. The questions we ask are profound because of, not in spite of, the everydayness of geographical concerns. This point is well made in this extended extract from an essay by the cultural geographer, Denis Cosgrove.

“On Saturday mornings I am not, consciously, a geographer. I am, like so many other people of my age and lifestyle, to be found shopping with my family in my local town-sector precinct. It is not a very special place, artificially illuminated under the multi-storey car park, containing an entirely predictable collection of chain stores – W.H. Smith, Top Shop, Baxters, Boots, Safeway and others – fairly crowded with well-dressed, comfortable family consumers. The same scene could be found almost anywhere in England. Change the names of the stores and then the scene could be typical of much of western Europe and North America, Geographers might take an interest in the place because it occupies the peak rent location of the town, they might study the frontage widths or goods on offer as part of a retail study, or they might assess its impact on the pre-existing urban morphology. But I am shopping.

Then I realise other things are also happening: I’m asked to contribute to a cause I don’t approve of; I turn a corner and there is an ageing, evangelical Christian distributing tracts. The main open space is occupied by a display of window panels to improve house insulation – or rather, in my opinion, to destroy the visual harmony of my street. Around the concrete base of the precinct’s decorative tree a group of teenagers with vividly coloured Mohican haircuts and studded armbands cast the occasional scornful glance at middle-aged consumers….

The precinct, then, is a highly textured place, with multiple layers of meaning. Designed for the consumer to be sure, and thus easily amenable to my retail geography study, nevertheless its geography stretches way beyond that narrow and restrictive perspective. The precinct is a symbolic place where a number of cultures meet and perhaps clash. Even on a Saturday morning I am still a geographer. Geography is everywhere.”

(Cosgrove 1989: 118-119)

Here Cosgrove reflects on the way our discipline sticks close to the banal everydayness of life. It is not possible to get through an hour, let alone a day, without confronting potentially geographical questions. Shopping centres in medium sized British towns do not seem particularly profound (when compared to the question of the origins of the universe say) but they are.  They are full of geography. But this geography is not always readily apparent. It is not just there like park benches or shop windows. To see it we have to have the tools to see it. We need to know about the importance of a ‘peak rent location’ or even what a ‘symbolic place’ is and to know this we have to think about geography theoretically. So geography is at the same time ‘profound’ and everyday. Unlike theoretical physics or literary theory it is hard to escape geography. Once you are a geographer, particularly one interested in theory, you are always a geographer. It is this confluence of the profound and the banal that gives geographical theory its special power.

This book is focussed on key geographical questions. It is based on my belief that geography is profound: that the ideas geographers deal in are some of the most important ideas there are. Each of the chapters that follows may occasionally seem slightly arcane as I recount the arguments that geographers and others have with each other in the pages of journals and monographs. But at the heart are important questions. They are important both for the existential dimension of how we lead a good life and for more worldly issues of equality, justice, and our connections to the natural world. I am convinced that thinking through the theoretical issues of geography at least makes us more aware of ourselves, of the world and of our relationship with the world.

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Pop-up politics.

Recently I visited Occupy’s amazing camp at St Paul’s. I could not help but be impressed by its combination of suddenness and resilience. It (and others like it all over the world – think the use of public space in the Arab Spring) is an instance of a general pop-up spatiality. The term “pop-up” came to my attention perhaps two years ago when “pop-up” restaurants, bars, clubs, art galleries and boutiques started to pop up in Time Out magazine. It was obviously a “thing”.** No doubt I am way behind the times but it seemed quite new. One aspect of these kinds of pop-up spaces is the use of otherwise moribund spaces in the interstices of urban life – under railway arches, in neglected buildings, in the bits left over by proper planning. In the case of a pop-up restaurant by a celebrity chef it gives the opportunity to squeeze some profit (and fun) out of a bit of space neglected by capital. No doubt there are also elements of the virtual world of social networking making themselves visible and tangible.

Clearly these instances of pop-up space mimic any number of political moments in the history of insurgence. Think of the barricades and bricolage of the Paris Commune for instance – narrow streets turned into what Hakim Bey would later call “Temporary Autonomous Zones”. Think of squatting and any number of peace camps from the 1980s. Pop-up space has also been integral to the world of public art recently. Older versions of public art as solid, monumental statues resistant to weathering have been questioned by forms of art which are deliberately limited in duration. Sudden moments of encounter and wonder. Nowhereisland will ‘pop-up’ all over the south east coast next summer and then it will disappear over the horizon.

I wonder how these ideas move between the world of politics and the world of commerce? The pop-up spaces of restaurants and clubs, like the unexpected spaces of ‘secret cinema’ appeal to a sense of play with the landscape. There is something at least a little subversive about their spatiality and temporality.

Returning to Occupy, though, there is also a sense of resilience. It did “pop-up” (helped by the technology of instant tents familiar to festival goers) but now it is very much there.  Part of its point is the fact that it is not going away. It hovers between temporary and permanent. Many unsympathetic commentators have suggested that the occupiers have made their point and now is the time to tidy up.  Perhaps the forthcoming monumental pop-up event called the Olympics is on their mind. Visiting the site also gave me a sense of organizational effort. Such political statements often work on the juxtaposition of the apparently ramshackle and carnivalesque and the monumentality and completeness of a place such as St Paul’s. There is some of that here. But there are also all the committees (more meetings than my workplace by the looks of it), the risk assessments, the formidable politeness, the cinema and bookshop (Starbooks!) and the Tent University where surely you can get the best free education in Britain given the starry line up of visiting speakers. All of this makes it hard to easily dismiss.

** The more general idea of “pop-up places” arose in conversation with Ella Harris – a Masters student on the MA Cultural Geography course at Royal Holloway. She is seeking to explore this phenomenon in both her Masters thesis and, in a wider way, in a proposed PhD thesis. She has recently explored some of these ideas in relation to “Secret Cinema” in an intriguing course paper. I owe some of the ideas expressed in this entry directly to her. Faults, of course, remain my own!

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The Magic of Nowhereisland

You carried a local delicacy each time in your bag, some small chosen gift, a stone, an apple, flowers, a photograph, transported hundreds of miles, as if you could bring a bit of your earth to me with each meeting; as if, over the months, you would bring your place to mine, one handful at a time”

Ann Michaels and John Berger – Railtracks 2011, p69

In magic there are two, now neglected, visions of space. One is the idea that things carry there origins with them as they journey – the principle of contiguity. That by being somewhere in particular, or next to something, if attains powers that stay with it as it moves. Something of place moves, is dislocated, but links an arrival to a departure. The other is the principle of mimetic sympathy –the idea that similar arrangement or appearance can act over a distance to affect the space it mimics. Both of these are present in a voodoo doll. The doll looks like the person it can affect from a distance. It also often includes bits to that person – a hair perhaps.

Collecting material on Nyskjaeret

Both of these principles are present in the project of Nowhereisland. We dug up six tonnes of rock, gravel and sand and placed them in white plastic sacks marked with coloured aerosol dots – red, blue, yellow – to distinguish the size of their contents. The beach of Nyskjaeret looked like a work of art as we dug and hauled, our back aching. These bags were unloaded from our red schooner and are being transported to Britain where Alex Hartley will use his magic to turn material into an island – a smaller version of Nyskjaeret, which will travel around the coast of southwest England during the Olympics. The sculpture will look like Nyskjaeret and will consist of material from Nyskjaeret. It will carry Nyskjaeret with it along with its tales of changing earth.

Nyskjaeret

 

 

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Nowhereisland – an introduction

I have been on the trip of a lifetime. Several months ago I was approached by Claire Doherty, a producer/curator from Situations in Bristol, and the artist Alex Hartley to accompany them and 15 other expeditionaries to the High Arctic Archipelago of Svalbard. In 2004, as part of a Cape Farewell expedition Alex had discovered  new island, not on any charts, that had recently been revealed by retreating ice. He became the first person to set foot on this island. Ever.

Alex had recently been awarded a grant to return to the island, remove 6 tonnes of rocks and gravel, sail it out into international waters, declare it a new nation, and bring it back to the UK to make a sculpture of the island that will float around the southwest coast of the UK during the Olympics. It will be an official Olympic artwork. Anyway, he wanted a bunch of “bright minds” to accompany him on the lovely red sailing boat, the Noorderlicht and I was to be one of them.

The Noorderlicht

I was accompanied by (in addition to Claire and Alex), Alex’s partner Tania Kovats (also a totally wonderful artist and observer of the natural world), Frank, their 12 year old son with whom I made a map of the muddy island (proper geography was everywhere on this trip – maps, mountains and exploration!), Laurie Penny, feminist rebel rouser, journalist and blogger extraordinaire, Tamsin Omond – full time activist with Climate Rush and, it turns out performance poet, Carl Gardner, a Barrister and legal blogger and all round expert on matters constitutional, Sam Thompson – expert on happiness and player of the penny whistle (celtic jigs just sound better on a sailing boat), Keiron Kirkland – gentleman and magician and educationalist for the 21st Century, Stephen Pax Leonard – a linguist and anthropologist who, in solid traditional fashion, had just returned from a year living with Polar eskimos of Greenland, David Bickerstaff – artist/filmmaker and dancer (we discovered), Max McClure – the official photographer and walking advertisement for Rab clothing, and Kim Tilbrook – an educator who will be the ambassador for Nowhereisland when it reaches Devon. Also accompanying us were two A level students, bloggers and performers of one armed push-ups, Charlie Logan and Lydia Maloney. Oh – yes – and the BBC in the person of Johnny Rutherford were also tracking our every move. (Meet them all here - http://nowhereisland.org/journey/expedition-team/)

Our job was to theorise the island/nation/artwork as it was happening, to use it as space to think about the possibilities of filling this blank space with meaning and intent and, in doing so, avoid the mistakes the community of actual nations. So – over the next week or so I will convey some of the thoughts I had while on that trip and since. Meanwhile – become a citizen and sign up at Nowhereisland.org.

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Professor Zapp discovers Cultural Geography!!!

In a recent entry on his New York Times blog, Stanley Fish (allegedly the model for Professor Zapp in David Lodge’s comic novels of academe) announces the discovery of cultural geography with the snazzy new label – Geohumanities (http://osiriseducational.co.uk/osirisblog/the-triumph-of-the-humanities). Fish has recently stumbled across an exciting new collection with the title Geohumanities – an exciting collection twinned with a simultaneous release called Envisioning Landscapes, Making Worlds (both 2011, Routledge). Both are the result of a deliberate strategy by the Association of American Geographers to think about the humanities in geography and vice versa. They are wonderful books.  Fish’s entry is titled “The Triumph of the Humanities” and the gist of its argument is that if such an arcane descriptive discipline like geography can embrace the humanities then the humanities must have triumphed. Disciplines like geography were apparently resistant to the humanities for much of their history but are now fully convinced. Geohumanities is, according to Fish

the elaboration, by methods derived from the humanities, of “the stratified record upon which we set our feet” (the title of another essay and a quote from Thomas Mann). It is the realization, in a style of analysis, of the “spatial turn,” a “critical shift that divested geography of its largely passive role as history’s ‘stage’ and brought to the fore intersections between the humanities and the earth sciences” (Peta Mitchell in “GeoHumanities”).

It is hard to know how to read such an entry. Geography has always been part of the humanities (Eratosphenes, Strabo etc.). Cultural Geography in the form it appears in Geohumanities is relatively new but not that new – we have been doing this kind of thing for at least forty years. I doubt the book is “officially” announcing a field of study that has several journals, research groups, global reach and a central role in the wider discipline of geography as Fish’s article suggests. So I am tempted to say “about time” and treat this with mild grumpiness. On the other hand it is good to get recognition and for things like this to appear with NYT approval. Maybe I should invite him to write an article for cultural geographies (soon to be 20 years old).

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